Many people dread the phrase, “You have a cavity.” Some might even put off treatment, especially if the tooth isn’t causing pain. However, cavities don’t improve over time—they only worsen. Ignoring them can turn a minor dental issue into an expensive, uncomfortable problem.
One of the most common and effective treatments for cavities is a dental filling. While familiar to most patients, the purpose and process of fillings are sometimes misunderstood.
This guide will explain what dental fillings are, why they’re necessary, the materials used, and what you can expect before, during, and after the procedure.
What Is a Dental Filling?
A dental filling is a common restorative procedure designed to fix teeth affected by decay, fractures, or gradual wear. Its purpose is to restore the tooth’s natural shape, strengthen its structure, and allow it to function properly again.
In this process, the dentist carefully removes the damaged or decayed area, cleans the cavity, and places a strong filling material into the space. This acts as a protective barrier, preventing bacteria from entering and causing further harm. You can think of it like repairing a small crack in a structure—addressing it early stops the problem from spreading.
How Cavities Develop
To understand why fillings are so important, it helps to know how cavities form. Cavities—also called dental caries—are the result of a chain of events involving bacteria, food, and acids.
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Bacteria in the mouth feed on sugars and starches from food and drinks.
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Acid production occurs as a byproduct of this bacterial activity.
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Enamel erosion begins when acids repeatedly attack the tooth’s protective surface.
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Decay progression allows the damage to spread deeper, eventually reaching the inner layers of the tooth.
Once a cavity starts, it cannot heal naturally. Brushing and flossing can prevent new cavities but cannot reverse existing decay.
Why You Shouldn’t Delay Getting a Filling
Some cavities remain symptom-free in the early stages, tempting people to ignore them. But this is risky for several reasons:
1. Stops Decay from Spreading
A filling creates a protective barrier, blocking bacteria from entering the tooth and causing more damage.
2. Avoids Sensitivity and Discomfort
While a small cavity might not hurt, untreated decay eventually leads to tooth sensitivity and pain.
3. Prevents Infection
If decay reaches the pulp—the tooth’s nerve centre—it can cause an infection or abscess, requiring more complex treatments like a root canal.
4. Preserves More of Your Tooth
The sooner decay is treated, the less natural tooth structure needs to be removed.
5. Saves Money
Early intervention with a filling costs far less than advanced treatments like crowns or extractions.
Types of Filling Materials
Dentists can choose from several materials when performing a filling, each with different advantages and considerations.
1. Amalgam Fillings
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Description: Made from a mix of metals such as silver, tin, copper, and mercury.
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Advantages: Strong, long-lasting, cost-effective.
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Drawbacks: Metallic appearance; may require more removal of healthy tooth material.
2. Composite Resin Fillings
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Description: Tooth-coloured resin that blends naturally with surrounding teeth.
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Advantages: Aesthetic, bonds well to the tooth, minimal removal of healthy tissue.
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Drawbacks: Not as long-lasting as metal fillings in heavy chewing areas.
3. Ceramic (Porcelain) Fillings
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Description: High-quality, tooth-coloured ceramic often used for inlays and onlays.
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Advantages: Natural appearance, stain-resistant, durable.
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Drawbacks: Higher cost; may require more than one appointment.
4. Gold Fillings
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Description: Custom-made from gold alloy for a precise fit.
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Advantages: Extremely durable, well-tolerated by gums.
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Drawbacks: Noticeable colour, expensive, multiple visits needed.
5. Glass Ionomer Fillings
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Description: Blend of acrylic and glass that releases fluoride.
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Advantages: Fluoride release helps protect teeth; good for non-biting surfaces or children’s teeth.
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Drawbacks: Less durable and more prone to wear.
The Filling Procedure Step-by-Step
Most filling appointments are straightforward and relatively quick. Here’s the usual process:
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Assessment
The dentist examines your teeth and may take X-rays to see the extent of the decay. -
Numbing the Area
Local anaesthetic ensures you won’t feel pain during the procedure. -
Removing Decay
Special tools—such as a dental drill or laser—remove the damaged portion of the tooth. -
Cleaning the Cavity
The area is thoroughly cleaned to remove any bacteria or debris. -
Placing the Filling
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For composites, the tooth is prepared and the resin is applied in layers, hardened with a curing light.
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For metals or ceramics, the filling is shaped and secured in place.
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Final Adjustments
The dentist checks your bite and polishes the filling for comfort and smoothness.
Aftercare and Recovery
It’s normal to have mild sensitivity to hot, cold, or pressure for a few days following a filling. This should gradually improve. Your dentist may recommend avoiding hard or sticky foods temporarily—especially if you’ve had an amalgam filling, which takes longer to set fully.
If pain, swelling, or persistent sensitivity continues beyond a week, follow up with your dentist to rule out bite issues or other complications.
How Long Do Fillings Last?
The durability of a filling depends on the material, the location of the filling, your oral hygiene, and how much pressure the tooth endures.
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Amalgam: 10–15 years
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Composite: 5–7 years
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Ceramic: 10–15 years
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Gold: 15–30 years
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Glass Ionomer: 5 years or less
Routine dental check-ups are essential for monitoring fillings and replacing them when needed.
Consequences of Skipping a Filling
Avoiding treatment for a cavity can result in:
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Intense Pain: As decay worsens, nerves become inflamed.
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Infection or Abscess: Can spread beyond the tooth to surrounding tissues.
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Tooth Loss: Advanced decay may leave no option but extraction.
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Higher Costs: More complex, invasive treatments become necessary.
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Overall Health Risks: Oral infections have been linked to heart disease and other systemic conditions.
Maintaining Your Fillings and Preventing New Cavities
Protecting your dental work and avoiding future cavities requires consistent care:
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Brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste.
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Floss every day to remove plaque between teeth.
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Limit sugary snacks and acidic drinks.
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Drink water regularly to rinse away food debris.
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Wear a nightguard if you grind your teeth.
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Visit the dentist regularly for check-ups and cleanings.
Common Misconceptions About Fillings
Myth 1: No pain means no problem.
Reality: Early decay often has no symptoms. Waiting for pain usually means the problem has worsened.
Myth 2: Mercury in amalgam fillings is dangerous.
Reality: Amalgam contains a stable form of mercury bound with other metals, considered safe by major health organisations.
Myth 3: A filled tooth can’t get another cavity.
Reality: Decay can still develop around or beneath a filling if oral hygiene is poor.
Final Takeaway
Dental fillings may seem like a small, routine procedure, but they play a big role in preserving oral health. Acting quickly when a cavity is detected can prevent pain, protect natural tooth structure, and save you from expensive dental work later.
With proper care and regular dental visits, a filling can keep your tooth healthy and functional for many years—making it one of the most valuable preventive treatments in dentistry.
